ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ

ืžื—ื‘ืจ:

ื”ืจื‘ ื ื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืื‘"ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘

ืขืœื” ืœืืชืจ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš:

ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืณืชืฉืขืดื˜ (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ื ื™ 3, 2019)

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ? ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื™?

ืชื•ื›ืŸ

  1. ืคืชื™ื—ื”.
  2. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื”.

ื. ืžื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื.

ื‘. ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.

ื’. ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื ืค"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื“"ืž ืœื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.

  1. ืžืกืงื ื”.
  2. ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืœื?.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืื›ืฃ.

"ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš".

  1. ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื”.
  2. ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ

1. ืคืชื™ื—ื”

ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืขื–ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™[1]. ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: 1. ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. 2. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. 3. ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื ืื’ืจืช ื—ื ื™ื”) ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื ืคื— ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืœืฉื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืคื’ืขื™ ืจืขืฉ, ืจื™ื— ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ (ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”).

2. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื”

ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”:

ื. ืžื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืขื–ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื: 1. ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. 2. ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. (ื—ื•ืง ืขื–ืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื•, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื, 21 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011[2]).

ื‘ืจื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื ื™ื”, ื”ืื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื–ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”.[3]

ืื ื ืœืš ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ) ื”ืื ื“ื“"ืž ื—ืœ ืžื—ืžืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืœืš, ื•ื”ื ืค"ืž ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš, ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžืฉ"ื› ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘ (ืขืž' 311-328), ื•ื‘ืงืฆืจื”: 1. ื”ื—ืช"ืก (ื—ื•"ืž ืžื“) ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืชืงืŸ ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 2. ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืคืกืงื• ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื‘ื"ื™. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื, ื›ืš ื’ื ืคืกืงื• ื”ื’ืจื™ืฉ"ื (ืคื“"ืจ ื—"ื• ืขืž' 376-381), ื•ื”ื’ืจืข"ื™ (ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื”,ืกื“).

ื‘. ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ

ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื ืกื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื (ืžื”ืจืฉื“"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงืขื”). ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื ืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืก"ื•: ื”ื’ืž' ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื (ื—' ืข"ื‘) ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ืš: "ืจืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ืฆืชืŸ". ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ "ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ืฆืชื – ืœืงื ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ืกื™ืขื ืžื“ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”". ืขื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืฃ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืš ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ื‘"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื "ื–) ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ "ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืžื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ื›ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืฉื›"ื˜) "ื“ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืง (ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื', ื™"ื“) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืจืง ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืžืงื“ื ืื• ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื“ืขืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“, ืื• ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืช ื›ื•ืœื.ย  ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื›ืš. ื‘. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื”ืื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ, ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื’ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• (ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘' ืก"ืง ื˜') ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื–ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืก ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืื” ืœื”ื ื’ื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื— ืจืง ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืงื ื” ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืืš ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ืœืชืงืŸ ืื• ืœืงื ื•ืก ื‘ืœื ื“ืขืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื–ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื–ื”.

ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘') ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืงืช, ืืš ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ื“ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื’ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ (ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื™"ื“) ืคืกืง ื›ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืกืžื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงืช ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืœื ืžื™ ืฉื›ืฉืจ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ (ื—ื•"ืž ย ืœื–,ื›ื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, "ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื• ืœื”ื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืขืœื™ ืื‘ื ื ืืžืŸ ืขืœื™ ืื‘ื™ืš ื›ื•', ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืืœื ืคืกื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืจืฉืขื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืžื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื™ ืฉืคืกืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืจืฉืขื”".

ื’ื ื”ืจืž"ื (ื—ื•"ืž ย ืœื–,ื›ื‘) ื›ืชื‘: "ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื™ ืฉืคืกื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจืฉืขื”". ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž"ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืคืกืง ื‘ืกื™' ื‘' ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ (ื—ื•"ืž ืœื–,ื›ื‘).

ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืžื™ื ื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™, ื›ืชื‘ ืชืจื•ื”"ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืœืงื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘ืจื, ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืกืœืง ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ (ืกื™' ืงืฆื”) ืฉื›ืชื‘: "ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืกืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•. ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืคืกื•ืœ (ืžื—ืžืช ืจืฉืขื”) ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืจืจ (ื›"ื“) ื ืืžืŸ ืขืœื™ ืื‘ื ื ืืžืŸ ืขืœื™ ืื‘ื™ืš ื ืืžื ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืฉืœืฉื” ืจื•ืขื™ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืืคื™' ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื›ื“ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ (ืงื›"ื—) ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื”ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื˜ื•ืœ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”"ื) ืืžืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืงื‘ืœื•ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ืกื‘ืจื• ื•ืงื‘ื™ืœื•".

ย ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื "ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•"ืข ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืœืžืœื™ ืžื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื•.

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื›ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืงื ื” ืขื– ืœื—ืœื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื– ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื– ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืžืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”, ื•ืกื’ื™ ื‘ื›ืš.ย 

ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ

ื”ื’ืž' ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” (ืœื ืข"ื) ื“ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื: "ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื–ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืžืกื›ืš ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืคื•ืกืœ, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ืŸ". ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงืจืงืข ืื™ื ื” ื ื’ื–ืœืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืงืจืงืข ืฉืื•ืœื”, ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืื“ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืื•ืœื”. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืจืž"ื (ืื•"ื— ืชืจืœื–,ื’), ืฉืคืกืง ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ (ืก"ืง ื™) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื’"ื ืฉืฆ"ืข ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืงืฆืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืช"ืœ ื“ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื›ื•"ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื, ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขื›ื•"ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื—ืœื™, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืจื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืจืงืข) ื›ืชื‘: "ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื” ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื“"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื•: ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื–ื•ื•ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ ืœื™ื” ืžื˜ืœืœืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืงื, ืขื‘ืจ ืจืฉื‘"ืœ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืžืืŸ ืฉืจื™ ืœืš? ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื“ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื›ืš ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืกื›ืš ื‘ืฆื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžื™ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืžื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ, ื“ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืจืž"ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืก"ื‘ ืก"ื ื“ืื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื•. ื•ืžืขืชื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชื—ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื—ื” ืžืกืชืžื ืžื•ื—ืœืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ื›ืœืœ". ืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื”"ืœ, ืฉืื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื.

ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœ"ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ" ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืชืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื“ (ื‘"ืง ืœื ืข"ื) ื ืฉืืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื, ื•ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื’"ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ื” ื–ื•. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื•ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืกื•ื›ื”". ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” "ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ" ืื• ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”, ืฉืื“ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ.

ื’. ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

ืืฃ ืื ืœื ื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื›ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื‘ืืจ. ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื (ื’,ื•): "ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืจืฅ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืœืš ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื™ืงื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ". ื•ื‘ื’ืž' (ืฉื ืœื‘ ืข"ื) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื• ื•ื”ื–ื™ืงื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื ืื—ื“ ืจืฅ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš ืžื™ ืฉืจืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ. ื•ืžื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื˜ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื (ื‘"ื‘ ืขื•,ื‘), ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืœืชื•ืš ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืื• ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื” (ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ) ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉืฉื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ย 

ื ืžืฆื, ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื (ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื[4] ืื• ื›ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืข"ืž ืื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืช", ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืคืงืจ) ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ื”. ืžืžื™ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืข"ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื–ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.ย ย 

ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื ื”ื’, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ (ืกื™' ืฉืžื”) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืจืง ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื”ืชื ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื.

ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืคื– ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžื›ื— ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืง ืฆืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืย  ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื ืค"ืž ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื• ืœืฉืœื ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืก ืœืขื™ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืก ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืจืง ืžืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.

ื ืค"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื“"ืž ืœื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ

  1. ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœืš (ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืฉืกื˜,ื˜), ืื•ืœื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
  2. ื“ื“"ืž ื‘ื"ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื˜"ื”. (ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื“"ืž ืœื›ื•"ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืงื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”).
  3. ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื˜"ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื“ื“"ืž ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
  4. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื–ื˜"ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืก ื—ื ื™ื”, ืืš ืื ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ื“ืž"ืž ืื• ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื•ืชื• ืœื.
  5. ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื• "ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ", ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื.
  6. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืš ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื—ืจืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืงืžืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™).

3. ืžืกืงื ื”

ืžื—ืžืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ: 1. ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. 2. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. ื•ื—ื›ื ืื—ื“ ืจืฆื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ืค"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืจืง ืœืฉืžืจ ืชื—ืœื•ืคื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืื™ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื.

ย ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ืœ ืคื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื™, ืžื“ื—ืŸ ืคื’ื•ื, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ืœืงื•ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•' ื”ื ื”ื’ ืื™ื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื—ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื "ื“ ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ืืคืฉืจื” ื”ื™ืฆืข ืžืกืคืง ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืž' 5 ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช[5]), ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงื ื•.ย 

4. ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืœื?

ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืชื™ืงื ื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืกืขื™ืฃ 11/ื’) ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืš:

"ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื“ื ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื” ืื’ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•, ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืฉื ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืื’ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช".

ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื”, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื. ืื•ืœื ื "ืœ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืžื“ื™ืŸ "ื ื”ื ื”", ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื—ื ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืœ ืงื ืก, ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœืฉืœื, ืฉื›ืš ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื•ื”ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžืš, ืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืœืฉืขืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื•ืื™ื—ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืจืื” ืฉื”ืคืงื— ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืœ ืงื ืก. ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื”ื–ื•? ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืš, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืชื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื ืก, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืงื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ื ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขื "ื“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™, ืื•ืœื ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืš ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉืœื, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™, ื•ืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื–ืœืŸ.

ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ืฆืœืžื• ืžื™ ืฉื—ื ื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืขื™ืจื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื ืชืชื‘ืขื• ืœืฉืœื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื—ื ื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื (ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืงื ืก ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื–ื”, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื™ืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืืฃ ื›ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงื ืก[6]). ย ย 

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืื›ืฃ

ืืžื ื ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื, ืื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืžืขืฉื” ืจืฉืช ืขืž' 70 ืกืข' ื•' ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืค') ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืื›ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช. ื”ื’ืจ"ื“ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ืคืจืง ื‘' ื”ืœ' ื’'). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฉื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื•ืžื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืฉืœื ืื•ื›ืฃ ื—ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืœ ืงื™ืœืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš: "ื•ืชืจื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื•' ืืžืจื” ืœื™ื”: ืžืจื™ ื“ื•ื“, ืื ื ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ืช? ื‘ื ื™ื™ ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื•ืŸ? ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ ืžื” ืขื‘ื“? ืืžืจ ืœื”: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืœืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“. ืืžืจื” ืœื™ื”: ื•ืžืœืš ืืชื”? ืืžืจ ืœื”: ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืžืœืš? ืืžืจื” ืœื•: ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื” ื“ืžืจืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื". (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจืชื™ ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื–ื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืจื™ ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชื’ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ื”ืžื•ืœืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืฃ ื—ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ืจื, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืกื‘ืจื). ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื“ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ืค"ื’ ื”"ื‘): "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืคื ื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืขื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืคืจ ืœื• ื›ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื ืจื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ื ืืœื ื›ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ื™ื ื.

"ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš"

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื ื” ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื• ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืžื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืงื— ื•ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืงื ืก, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื ืข ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ื”ย  ืฉืชื•ืงื ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš" ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.ย ย 

5. ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื”

ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืคื™ ื—ื›ื ืื—ื“[7] ืกื‘ืจื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืฉืœื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ื•ืข"ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืชืคืกื• ื•ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืงื ืก, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘ ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืžืชืคืจื ืกืช ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืืœื ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื ืกื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื ื•ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืชื—ืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืงื ืกื•ืช. ื•ืœืขื "ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจื™"ืง (ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืงื›ื˜), ืžื”ืจืฉื“"ื (ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืžื”), ืฉื•"ืช ืจื“ื‘"ื– (ืกื™' ืชืจืข"ื—), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื“ ืข"ื, ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฆื’ ืข"ื, ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืขื” ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ืืข"ืค ืฉื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื— ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื’ื— ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ื’ื—ื• ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉื›ื•. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ืจื‘ ืื—ื ืœื ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ื›ืœืœ ืคื• ืกื™' ื) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืข"ื™ ืžืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื‘ืงืช ืจื•ื›ืœ (ืกื™' ืคื—) ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ (ื‘,ืงื™ื). ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืกื•ืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ืžื›ืช. ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื”ืจืฉื“"ื ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืœื ืžื•ื›ื— ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืง ืžื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื• ืื ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”. ื•ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ืŸ (ืกื™' ื›ื˜) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืง ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื“ืขืช ื”"ืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžื•ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืกื™' ืฆื‘), ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื• ื“ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื "ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจ"ื ืžื•ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืกื™' ืงืก"ื—, ื™"ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื "ืœ, ื“ืก"ืœ ื“ืงื™ื™"ืœ ื›ืจ"ื ื“ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืขื”"ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื• ืœืฆืจืคื ืœืขื•ื“ ืกื ื™ืคื™ ื”ื™ืชืจ". ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืกื•ืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื, ืฉื”ืจ"ื ืžื•ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกืง ื›ืžื•ืชื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ืค"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ื—ืช, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื”ืจืฉื“"ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื” ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื”ื ื™ื“"ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืค"ืž ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืœื ืžื•ื›ื— ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื”.

ืื•ืœื ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืœื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ืœื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืœื ืžื•ื›ื—, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืคืฆื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืงื ืกื•ืช ืืœื ื—ืคืฆื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ืฉืžืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘.

ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื“"ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืกืคืง ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขืชื ื• ืืœื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš.

6. ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืžืžื•ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืœื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœื—ื ื™ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ืชื, ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื—ืžื™ืจืชื ืกื›ื ืชื ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ื ื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืืœืžืœื™ ืžื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคืœืก ื“ืจืš ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจื›ื‘ื• ื™ื ื–ืง, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื (ื‘"ืง ื›ื—.) "ืชื ืฉืžืข: ื”ืžืžืœื ื—ืฆืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืŸ – ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื ื›ื ืก". ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื—ื•"ืž ืชื™ื‘,ื‘) ื ืคืกืง: "ื”ื ื™ื— ื”ื›ื“…ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื”, ืื• ืฉืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ื, ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื. ื•ืื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื–ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ืื ืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ".

ืื•ืœื ืœืขื "ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ "ื ื”ื ื”". ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ "ื ื”ื ื”" ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ื ื’ืจื ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฆืจ ื“ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืื’ืจื ืื• ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืจื ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืžื™ื’ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื’ืจื ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ "ื ื”ื ื”" ื›ืœืœ.ย 

[1] ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 250-251 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 14 ื• 22 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 77 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื”, ืจืฉืื™ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืขื–ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ย ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื”.

[2] http://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m01927.pdf).

[3] ื•ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–,ื™ื) ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ", ืฉื“ื™ืžื” ื–ืืช ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืืš ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืšย  ืื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืจื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื.

[4] ื›ืš ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืจื”ืคื˜ื™ื’ ืื‘"ื“ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจ ื ื•ืฃ, ืคืื ืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-28 ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืข"ื˜. ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื›ืชืจื™ืืœ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืžืช ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืžืœืš ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ื ืฉืžื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ืื•ืœื ืœืขื "ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ืจืื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืจืขื•. ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื ืื—ื“ ื™ืชืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืืœืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฉื"ื› ื‘ื ื™ื“"ื“ ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืžื˜ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืงื ืก ืœื ื™ื’ืจื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืืœืฅ ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.

[5] http://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m01927.pdf

[6] ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืื‘"ื“ ืงืจื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืคืื ืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-28 ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืข"ื˜.

[7] ื”ืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžืœืžืŸ ืื‘"ื“ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“"ืฆ ืงืจื™ืช ืื•ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ, ืคืื ืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”-28 ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืข"ื˜.

ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ:

ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”

ืžื ื”ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืจืื” ืœื• ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืคืขืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช.

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืฉืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจ

ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžืฆื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก, ื”ื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ืžืกืžืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืžื•ืกื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื›3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืคืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช?

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ืžืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”

ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉ"ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืœื ืžืงื“ืžื” ื‘ืกืš ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืžื”.
ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”'ืชื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ' ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืžื” ืชื•ื—ื–ืจ ืจืง ืื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื ื”ื’ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื’ืจื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืกืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื. (ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืื™ ืจื›ื‘).

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื

ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืกืคืจ ื“ืจืš ืจื›ื–ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘45 ืฉ"ื— ื•ื™ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘60 ืฉ"ื—. ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆืชื•, ื•ื—ืชื ืขื™ืžื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืข"ื™ ืงื• ื”ืคืฆื” ืžืฉืœื•. ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืงื ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื”. ื˜ืขื ืชื ื›ื™ ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ื ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืžื—ืžืชื• ื”ืจื›ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื–ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืจืง ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื–ื™ื ืืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ.

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื
ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื: ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืคื– – ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ื“ ืžืฆืคื” ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ืกื™ – ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงืจื™ืช ืื•ื ื• ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจ' ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืคื– – ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“, ื”ืจื‘ ื ื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ – ืื‘"ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• – ืื‘"ื“ ืขื ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื (ื“ืœืคืŸ) – ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื•ืช: